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icd 10 code for neutropenic fever
Bone Marrow Transplantation (2009) 44, 59–61; doi:10.1038/bmt.2008.425; appear online 12 January 2009
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Invasive Aspergillosis (IA) is a alarming communicable aggravation amid immunocompromised patients, including those accepting appraisal for hematologic malignancies. Preemptive appraisal of IA, application serum markers abandoned or in aggregate with computed tomography (CT), has accustomed cogent absorption over the aftermost decade but charcoal controversial.1, 2, 3
In 2003, an ELISA to ascertain serum galactomannan (GM) was accustomed by the US Food and Drug Administration.4 In a meta-analysis of 27 studies application the GM appraisal for surveillance, the acuteness and specificity were 71 and 80%, respectively, for cases of audible IA. However, there was cogent adverse amid studies. Also, best studies of serum GM accept included patients with astute leukemia or allogeneic hematopoietic SCT recipients. In these populations, the accident for IA varies amid 5 and 15%.5, 6, 7, 8, 9 In contrast, IA amid autoSCT recipients is decidedly beneath common, alignment amid 0 and 8%.5, 7, 8, 9 This lower accident raises the catechism whether the GM appraisal has account amid auto-SCT recipients.
Memorial Sloan-Kettering Blight Centermost (MSKCC) is a tertiary affliction blight centermost in New York City. Medical and class annal were advised for all patients who underwent auto-SCT at MSKCC amid September 2003 and June 2007. The abstraction was accustomed by the MSKCC Institutional Review Board. NIAID/MSG criteria10 were acclimated to assort definite, apparent or accessible IA. Mold-active prophylaxis was not commonly accustomed to patients ability auto-SCT, but was administered to a bound cardinal of patients at the alleviative physician's discretion.
Galactomannan assays were performed alone at the alleviative physician's discretion, about in acknowledgment to assiduous agitation and neutropenia or the development of pulmonary lesions articular by CT. A absolute serum GM was authentic as 0.500. The Student's t-test was acclimated to analyze connected variables. STATA software (version 7) was acclimated to account the breadth beneath the receiver operating appropriate (ROC) curve.
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During the abstraction period, 583 patients accustomed 698 auto-SCTs (Table 1). Of the 583 patients, 43 (7.4%) underwent 91 GM assays (Table 1). Ten (23.3%) of the 43 patients accustomed peri-transplant prophylaxis with a mold-active antifungal, 29 (67.4%) accustomed fluconazole and 4 (9.3%) accustomed no antifungal prophylaxis. Twenty-three (53.5%) patients accustomed mold-active antifungal appraisal aural 72 h afore their aboriginal serum GM.
The patients who underwent GM testing tended to be adolescent and added frequently macho than the actual citizenry (Table 1). The spectrum of malignancies additionally differed amid the groups, with a greater admeasurement of patients who underwent GM testing accepting Hodgkin's lymphoma (32.6 vs 12.6%) (Table 1).
Only 2 (2.2%) of 91 GM assays were positive, both from the aforementioned accommodating who accustomed a added auto-SCT for assorted myeloma. He additionally grew Aspergillus fumigatus from sputum specimens. He died admitting a 36-day advance of aggregate appraisal with voriconazole and micafungin. An dissection accepted the attendance of pulmonary cast infection. No added patients had absolute GM assays. None of the added 582 patients who underwent auto-SCT had a absolute ability for cast by day 100 afterwards transplant.
Beside the one accommodating with audible IA, none had apparent IA, 14 had accessible IA based on CT of the chest, and 28 were begin to accept no affirmation of IA. Assuming that all patients with definite, apparent or accessible IA had IA infection, the acuteness of the GM appraisal was 6.7%. The beggarly (0.117 vs 0.106; P=0.37) and ambit of GM ethics for patients with accessible IA mirrored the ambit amid patients with no affirmation of IA (Figure 1). ROC appraisal illustrated a basal advance of the GM appraisal over chance, with an breadth beneath the ROC curve=0.5857.
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A artifice of serum galactomannan ethics for the one accommodating with accurate invasive Aspergillosis (IA) (top left), 14 patients with accessible IA (bottom left) and 28 patients with no affirmation of IA (right).
Differences in appraisal appeared to depend on analytic factors rather than GM appraisal values. The 14 patients who were begin to accept accessible or audible IA accustomed abiding courses (mean, 52 days; median, 25 days) of mold-active therapy. In contrast, patients who underwent GM testing but had no affirmation of IA accustomed beneath courses (mean, 17 days; median, 7 days).
Five added patients were believed to accept fungal infection based on ICD-9 coding, but they did not abide GM testing. All had accessible IA, and two were diagnosed with accessible IA afore auto-SCT and connected on voriconazole through the displace period.
The serum GM appraisal has been acclimated both as a preemptive screen, about on a account or twice-weekly basis, and as a analytic analysis in the ambience of analytic signs or symptoms, in patients at high-risk for IA. The accident of IA amid patients accepting auto-SCT is decidedly lower than that amid high-risk groups such as allo-SCT recipients. In our series, alone 19 (3.3%) of 583 auto-SCT recipients developed possible, apparent or audible IA, and alone one of these had a absolute ability for Aspergillus, a absolute GM appraisal or constant pathologic findings, adopting the likelihood that the accurate abundance of IA was abundant lower. It is acclaimed that none of the patients with accessible IA had GM ethics >0.2 and that the spectrum of ethics in these patients did not alter from those with no affirmation of IA (Figure 1). Thus, the lower accident of IA amid auto-SCT recipients makes the amount and accomplishment of a preemptive access difficult to justify. Instead, we use the GM appraisal alone in the ambience of analytic suspicion for IA, either because of pulmonary symptoms, allegation on CT imaging or assiduous fever.
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Empiric mold-directed appraisal was accepted in our citizenry and may accept contributed to the low amount of absolute GM assays. Patients with accessible IA accustomed a average of 25 canicule of anti-mold therapy, admitting accepting one or added abrogating GM assays. Thus, alleviative physicians about did not amount the appraisal as a abrogating augur of IA.
We acclimated the GM appraisal as a analytic analysis for IA aural the aboriginal 100 canicule afterwards auto-SCT. In our experience, this access was not accessible for acknowledging or excluding the appraisal of IA and did not appreciably access administration decisions behindhand of analysis results.
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