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By Marguerite Borelli*
Since 2016, the self-proclaimed Islamic Accompaniment (IS), or Daesh, has abiding a advertising abhorrent directed at Southeast Asian Muslims as they recruit Indonesians, Malaysians and Filipinos to accompany the war accomplishment in Iraq and Syria, or to allowance armed jihad in their own region.1 IS’ access to Southeast Asia is a allotment of its regional, transnational agenda. Agnate to Filipino, Indonesian, and Malay fighters actuality regrouped in the Katibah Nusantara, a Malay-speaking bounded army on the Syrian-Iraqi front, IS advertising addressed to bounded sympathisers calls for Southeast Asian jihadists of all nationalities to arise calm in Mindanao, amid in South Philippines, to alternation and fight.2
Moreover, as IS is accident arena on the Middle East front, it is actively gluttonous to authorize a global, decentralised arrangement of wilayahs (governorates).3 IS’ efforts to abduction breadth in Southeast Asia will not stop at Marawi City – a allotment of which it currently occupies — as the accumulation has ahead attempted to authorize a ballast in Poso, Indonesia4 and Malaysia.5
Given that the abreast blackmail of agitation aural ASEAN is a bounded one, it cannot be eradicated by any distinct state; a bounded counter-terrorism activity is accordingly necessary. ASEAN6 stands out as the accessible appointment for the development of such a aggregate response, as branch 2.2. of the organisation’s mission statement, accounting into its founding Bangkok Declaration, states that ASEAN shall “promote bounded accord and stability”7. Additionally, the 2007 ASEAN Charter introduces the abstraction of “collective albatross in acceptable bounded peace, aegis and prosperity” (Art. 2.2.b.).8
In band with this mission, ASEAN has developed a absolute counter-terrorism armory in the years back 9/11. The cornerstones of these measures are the 2007 accurately bounden ASEAN Convention on Counter-Terrorism (ACCT) and the consecutive 2009 ASEAN Absolute Plan of Activity on Adverse Terrorism. In particular, the Association serves as an able belvedere for affiliate states to advance moderation,9 appoint in connected chat on counter-terrorism policies, barter best practices, and advance analysis into avant-garde agency of countering agitated extremism.
However, as argued in this article, ASEAN’s counter-terrorism armory charcoal insufficient. Jonah Blank of the RAND Corporation conspicuously states, “there are few mechanisms in abode for 18-carat cooperation by all — or alike best — ASEAN nations on any issue”.10 In addition, the UN Aegis Council Counter-terrorism Committee (CTC) recommended in its 2016 address that ASEAN “[s]trengthen [the] use of sub-regional instruments and mechanisms, including the ASEAN Convention for Counter-Terrorism and Plan of Activity and the ASEAN Accord on Alternate Acknowledged Assistance.”11 This commodity touches aloft ASEAN’s accepted counter- agitation measures in adjustment to accommodate an overview of the organisation’s weaknesses in this activity area. The aboriginal allotment presents the counter-terrorism insufficiencies created by structural factors pertaining to the attributes of ASEAN, and the additional highlights the abridgement of bactericide counter-terrorism measures aural the accepted framework.
The attributes of ASEAN as an intergovernmental alignment whose affiliate states are absorbed to the ‘ASEAN Way’ of authoritative agency that it is based on consensus, annual of civic ascendancy and non-interference into calm matters. Therefore, ASEAN’s counter-terrorism role aural the arena includes actuality a accepted agenda-setter and facilitator, rather than acting as a active force for the accomplishing of new measures.12 This bound role translates into four overarching weaknesses aural ASEAN counter-terrorism efforts.
First, ASEAN authoritative is apathetic in its assembly of legislation as able-bodied as its acceptance activity and accomplishing of measures.13 While the time lag may not be as ambiguous in added activity areas, able counter-terrorism requires timeliness. The academy should aim to ahead and advance in accordance with transformations and accepted trends in terrorism.
ACCT exemplifies this well. Back the ACCT was active in 2007, continued afterwards the abstraction for a bounded counter-terrorism accord emerged, Southeast Asia was one of the aftermost regions of the apple to accept such legislation.14 The accord came into aftereffect in 2011 back six out of ten affiliate states ratified it. But complete acceptance aural ASEAN alone came in 2013 – six years afterwards the treaty’s signature. Similarly, the abstraction for a bounded displacement accord has been discussed back the Bali bombings, but has not yet materialised, arch to the CTC’s answer in 2016 that the arena should accept such an instrument.15 In allotment due to apathetic processes, ASEAN has bootless to appoint itself as the ascendant appointment for bounded counter-terrorism policymaking as bounded states tend to accept application alternate arrangements.
According to a chief ASEAN official, “bilateral cooperation amid associates has consistently been the best able way of managing aegis issues in the region. There are sensitivities back it comes to aegis calendar and affiliate countries absolutely accept it to be done on a alternate basis.”16 However, back the territorial advances of IS in Iraq and Syria in 2014 and its efforts to set up wilayahs by allure and co-opting active groups in airy areas of the apple such as Afghanistan and Mindanao, there is a greater acknowledgment for the allegation for bounded cooperation amid leaders.
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In practice, Southeast Asia’s counter- agitation mural is awful circuitous and absurd in agreement of affiliate states’ corresponding counter-terrorist capabilities, ability and captivation in transnational cooperation. These gaps can be exploited by terrorists, conspicuously for the smuggling of adopted fighters and weapons, fabricated axiomatic by the attendance of Uyghurs and added non- Southeast Asian militants in Mindanao.17
Second, ASEAN produces ‘soft’ laws, application ambiguous accent and arty “many ambiguous obligations [on states].”18 Its counter-terrorism efforts are “a activity of ‘norm internalisation’, rather than artifice of acknowledged obligation”.19 As the accent in ASEAN legislation allows for altered civic interpretations, affiliate states affectation capricious levels of allegation to their spirit and implementation.
As such, the ACCT was never accustomed a specific timeframe for implementation, nor did it acutely accommodate an administration apparatus to adviser and analysis affiliate states’ acquiescence to the Convention.20 Indeed, the CTC arise in 2016 that, “[the] ASEAN Convention and Plan of Action, adopted in 2007 and 2009, respectively, do not arise to be finer utilised.”21 As of July 2017, important ACCT accoutrement such as the conception of a accepted bounded intelligence database to facilitate cooperation amid civic intelligence services, law administration agencies, militaries and judiciaries has yet to be implemented at the bounded level. The enactment of such a database is commonly encouraged by experts in the accepted context.22 It would acquiesce civic counter-terrorism professionals to save time and annual from the context- specific, cultural and linguistic ability of added affiliate states, while ensuring that analysis is readily accessible and not unnecessarily duplicated.
Third, actual generally calm political considerations impede the development of bounded counter-terrorism.23 In fact, admitting their able articulate allegation to a bounded activity in ASEAN forums, affiliate states amusement counter-terrorism as a calm issue. Civic counter-terrorism instruments aural Southeast Asia alter widely. For instance, there are differences amid the law administration in allegation of counter- agitation in Singapore and Malaysia and the aggressive in Thailand and the Philippines.24
Differing civic counter-terrorism structures are not in themselves a counter-terrorism weakness of ASEAN but they do crave bounded behavior to annual for them, conspicuously through all-embracing cross-institutional cooperation. For example, counter-terrorism cooperation amid the Malaysian and Philippines badge through ASEANAPOL, and amid the militaries through ADMM (ASEAN Defence Ministers’ Meeting) is insufficient. Instead, Malaysian law administration and the Philippine aggressive should additionally carefully abet to access optimal results. ASEAN currently lacks a appointment or activity for such all-embracing cross-institutional cooperation.
Moreover, states additionally commonly “prioritise annual for accompaniment sovereignty…at the amount of their bounded association interest.”25 According to Tan and Nasu, ASEAN counter- agitation efforts should appropriately be acquainted aural the added bounded ambience breadth civic counter-terrorism behavior “are affected with their own political calendar of civic accord and active dissidents.”26 In the past, the antecedence of calm backroom over bounded counter-terrorism was arresting in Indonesia’s abnegation of Jemaah Islamiyah’s presence, which accustomed the accumulation to flourish.27 And history afresh afresh itself, as the Philippines (under above admiral Aquino) denied the acceleration of IS on its breadth to affluence the finalisation of the Moro accord process. In both cases, governments angry a dark eye to agitation aural their borders, ultimately endangering the accomplished arena by acceptance the blackmail to consolidate further. Alike as civilian association experts warned bounded governments of the developing threat,28 added ASEAN associates were prevented from demography absolute activity to assure the arena as they adhered to the assumption of non-interference. It can afresh be said that “rethinking the ASEAN attempt and the ‘ASEAN Way’ is all-important if ASEAN is to bear able multilateral counter- agitation cooperation.”29
Finally, ASEAN counter-terrorism efforts are partially abortive due to abiding authoritative gaps aural the region. It is no accompaniment that the abreast blackmail of Daesh in Southeast Asia is concentrated in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas. This tri-border area, breadth the civic borders of Malaysia, Indonesia and the Philippines meet, has historically suffered from anemic babyminding because of advancing territorial disputes pertaining to islands and amphibian borders.30
ASEAN should advice boldness these disputes to ensure that accompaniment ascendancy over this breadth is re- established. The joint-maritime patrols implemented afresh by the above countries are a bright assurance that some affiliate states are accommodating to move from cooperation to accord in adjustment to face abreast threats.31 However, as declared by the Singaporean Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen:
“[The patrols were] a acceptable start. But we admit that there [is] a lot to be done, and that advice administration and intelligence [is] additionally a key area.”32
Beyond counter-terrorism weaknesses ancient to ASEAN, the absolute counter- agitation framework is reaction-oriented and lacks a able blockage and pre-crime chapter. Rose and Nestorovska appraise that ASEAN “measures for blockage and intelligence cooperation are insubstantial. Their capital strengths accommodate accouterment procedures for alternate abetment in investigations and displacement arrangements.”33 Meanwhile, Ahmad additionally concludes that, “[t]here charge be a about-face in ASEAN’s counter-terrorism archetype from acknowledging measures to added able-bodied antitoxin and aegis strategies.”34
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In ablaze of the all-encompassing use of avant-garde advice technologies by terrorists, individuals accessible to agitator address tend to radicalise or self-radicalise online.35 Any activity aimed at abolition radicalisation, application and backsliding by above offenders charge accordingly accommodate an online aspect. But states accept so far accomplished adversity in ambidextrous with online propaganda.36
The Internet knows no boundaries and because IS has advised Southeast Asian Muslims as a akin target-demographic, ASEAN should absorb a abundant position in bounded efforts to adverse agitator credo online. According to Greer and Watson, ASEAN should encourage, subsidise and implement, “local, data-driven alleviation approaches to anticipate and adjust radicalisation.”37
ASEAN has an advantage back it comes to countering abandonment as its affiliate states accept ample ability abnormally with commendations to rehabilitation and counter-propaganda. Some of ASEAN’s affiliate states accept been hailed globally for beat abounding of the best acknowledged initiatives in the apple abnormally with attention to rehabilitation and counter-propaganda. In particular, two examples of such avant-garde approaches should be mentioned. First, Singapore’s Religious Rehabilitation Accumulation (RRG), which actively counters radicals’ misperceptions and instrumentalisation of Islam through a grassroots approach. This includes a counselling centre, a smartphone app, publications by religious scholars, conferences and association beat events.38
The additional action is the RDC3, the Bounded Digital Counter-Messaging Advice Centre afresh launched by Malaysia. The centre counters IS advertising and added accurately its abusage of the Muslim adoration in cyberspace by disseminating agreeable which was abundant aloft in accord with the Department of Islamic Development Malaysia (JAKIM).39
These admirable civic initiatives should be acerb supported, replicated and broadcast in assorted ASEAN affiliate countries.
Despite its high-pace bread-and-butter advance and proportional assurance on analytical systems, basement and advice technologies, ASEAN has additionally been apathetic in planning for the aegis of its analytical basement (CIP).40 Indeed, the ASEAN Analytical Basement Aegis and Animation Asia (CIP Asia) appointment was alone accustomed in mid-2015, and is set to accumulate industry, governments and agencies every two years to barter on CIP.
According to the CIP Asia website, ASEAN has accustomed adversity administration teams beneath its Agreement on Adversity Administration and Emergency Acknowledgment (AADMER), but “none is geared appear the aegis of analytical infrastructure.”41 Moreover, the 2008 CTC address “identifies that vulnerabilities still abide in some areas such as bound control…whilst there are shortfalls in the accomplishing of all-embracing standards of aviation, amphibian and burden security.”42
As the affiliation of the Bread-and-butter Association progresses, conspicuously through the barrage of cross-national projects such as the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline and the ASEAN Power Grid, ASEAN should animate and participate in efforts to amalgamate new and absolute targets to assure analytical basement in the region. In addition, ASEAN should access accommodation in the accident of agitator attacks as, “a agitator advance adjoin analytical basement is acceptable to accept implications above civic borders.”43
Critical basement in the anatomy of baptize and activity supplies, carriage systems and advice basement is a admired ambition for terrorists and attacks adjoin such systems are globally on the rise. 44
In particular, ASEAN lacks actionable analysis on bounded vulnerabilities.45 In the future, the ASEAN Basement Fund (AIF) could be assigned the assignment of adopting acquaintance and announcement CIP ability transfers afterward the archetype of the Catastrophe and Accident Administration in ASEAN (CARMA). CARMA is an online aperture breadth absorbed parties can analysis bounded accident administration systems to reinforce accustomed adversity preparedness, animation and mitigation.46
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As declared by Feakin, “research is actively bare to get a bigger butt on the blackmail environment, abnormally as the arena is accepted to see accelerated amplification in basement commitment [expected to ability a US$20 billion account by 2020]”.47 Along agnate lines, ASEAN should additionally acerb advance for affiliate states to accede with UN Aegis Council Resolution 2341 (2017) on the aegis of analytical basement adjoin agitator attacks.
Finally, the burning allegation for CIP aural ASEAN does not alone administer to the concrete realm, but additionally to cyberspace because avant-garde analytical basement is added codicillary on the Internet. Multiple letters achieve that ASEAN states are awful accessible to cyber-attacks because of their rapidly accretion economies, online attendance and alongside digitisation of assorted analytical systems. But ASEAN has, again, been too apathetic in reacting to the growing blackmail of cyber-terrorism.
Indeed, in 2014, Heinl estimated that “national and bounded efforts to accept absolute cybersecurity strategies accept been apathetic and fragmented. Similarly, the efforts of the ten ASEAN affiliate states to accept both civic and absolute bounded frameworks for cybersecurity accept so far been piecemeal.”48 Two years afterwards in 2016, the bearings had not evolved, as summarised by Stacia Lee:
“[o]fficial cyber aegis and advice and advice technology (ICT) behavior primarily action as mechanisms to either aid ASEAN’s growing abridgement or absolute crimes that arrest the added development of acknowledged business channels (…) illustrat[ing] ASEAN’s celebrated action as a bounded barter accumulation rather than a adamant political and acknowledged body. Able cybersecurity activity in and of itself has never been abundantly prioritised, abrogation affiliate states accessible to cybercrime through a abridgement of acquiescence mechanisms, institutional disconnect, and asperous civic acknowledged capabilities.”49
In 2015, the analysis of the virus APT30 by Fire Eyes, a cyber-security firm, illustrated the blemish of ASEAN cyber-protection. Indeed, the virus, which had gone undetected for 10 years, had infiltrated ASEAN affiliate states’ analytical advice networks to aggregate government and aggressive acute information, “particularly about the time of official ASEAN meetings.”50
While this virus is believed to accept been launched by Chinese-affiliated hackers,51 it does highlight vulnerabilities in ASEAN’s cyber- basement that can be manipulated by terrorists. For instance, IS is accepted to ambition individuals with the ability for adult cyber-attacks for recruitment.52 Furthermore, ASEAN’s vulnerability in cyberspace is added by a accepted under- admiration of the blackmail amid leaders in the clandestine and accessible sectors, as empiric by FireEye APAC CTO Bryce Boland. He declared that, “organizations in Asia feel they are not acceptable to be a ambition of avant-garde cyber threat.”53
ASEAN has so far been a acknowledged altercation appointment bringing Southeast Asian states calm about the affair of counter- terrorism. However, its abridgement of admiration to abreast developments and a accepted abridgement of political appetence for aggregate aegis and albatross in the arena accept prevented it from acting as a active force and an artist of bounded counter-terrorism.
However, the built-in transnational attributes of the accepted blackmail of IS in Southeast Asia provides a able catalyst for bounded cooperation and collaboration, and alike added so as bounded affiliate states will in the advancing months be faced with agnate problems affiliated to the acknowledgment of IS fighters from the Middle East and Marawi City.
This acute allegation for a bounded counter- alarm activity is about recognised by the ASEAN affiliate states that face the accomplished blackmail levels, as exemplified by the tri-lateral sea patrols in the Sulu-Sulawesi Seas. However, it will booty time for this instance of accord to advance to an access in multilateral counter-terrorism activities beneath the ambit of ASEAN.
About the author:*Marguerite Borelli is a alum apprentice in All-embracing Relations at Sciences Po Doctoral School in Paris, France. She has afresh completed a analysis internship at the All-embracing Centre for Political Violence and Agitation Analysis (ICPVTR), a basic assemblage of the S. Rajaratnam School of All-embracing Studies (RSiS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and can be contacted at [email protected]
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Source:This commodity was appear by RSIS in Adverse Agitator Trends And Analysis, September 2017 Volume 9, Affair 9, pages 14-20 (PDF)
Notes:1 See Muhammad Haziq Bin Jani and Jasminder Singh. “Daesh-isation” of Southeast Asia’s Jihadists.” RSIS Commentaries. N°080. April 11, 2016. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis- publication/icpvtr/co16080-daesh-isation-of- southeast-asias-jihadists/2 United Nations Aegis Council Counter-terrorism Committee (CTC). All-around analysis of the accomplishing by Affiliate States of Aegis Council resolution 1373 (2001). (2016), 52 and 54. 3 See Rohan Gunaratna. “Global Blackmail Forecast 2017.” RSIS Commentary. N°316. December 19, 2016. . https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis- publication/icpvtr/co16316-global-threat-forecast- 2017/4 See Muhammad Haziq Bin Jani and Jasminder Singh. “Daesh-isation” of Southeast Asia’s Jihadists.” RSIS Commentaries. N°080. April 11, 2016. https://www.rsis.edu.sg/rsis- publication/icpvtr/co16080-daesh-isation-of- southeast-asias-jihadists/5 Parameswaran, Prashanth. “Malaysia Says New Alarm Accumulation Trying to Create Islamic State.” The Diplomat. January 8, 2015. http://thediplomat.com/2015/04/malaysia-says-new- terror-group-trying-to-create-islamic-state/6 ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) includes Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia*, Laos, Malaysia*, Myanmar, the Philippines*, Singapore*, Thailand*, and Vietnam (*founding member).7 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).The Asean Acknowledgment (Bangkok Declaration) Bangkok, 8 August 1967. (1967). http://asean.org/the-asean-declaration-bangkok- declaration-bangkok-8-august-1967/8Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Charter of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. November 20, 2007.9 ASEAN formally accustomed the All-around Movement of Moderates (GMM). See All-around Movement of Moderates Foundation. “Introduction on GMMF.” [date unknown]. http://www.gmomf.org/about- us/introduction-on-gmmf/10 Chandran, Nyshka. “Is angry agitation key to ASEAN accord and credibility?” CNBC. October 9, 2016. http://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/10/is-fighting- terrorism-key-to-asean-unity-and-credibility.html11 See agenda 2, 52.12 Tan See Seng and Hitoshi Nasu. “ASEAN and the development of counter-terrorism law and activity in Southeast Asia.” UNSW Law Journal, Vol. 39 No.3 (2016): 1219-1238.13 Ahmad, Abdul Razak. “The ASEAN Convention on Counter-terrorism 2007.” Asia-Pacific Journal on Human Rights and Law, Vol.14 No.1-2, (2013):93- 147.14 The accord was in the works above-mentioned to 2003. See Human Rights Watch. In the Name of Counter- Terrorism: Human Rights Abuses Worldwide. March 25, 2003, 8. https://www.hrw.org/legacy/un/chr59/counter- terrorism-bck.pdf15 See agenda 2, “Priority issues/recommendations.” p.53.16 See agenda 13, p.97.17 See Ho, Ben and Yee, Chen May. “Danger close: Mindanao, and the terrorists abutting door.” Today online. June 9, 2017.. http://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/big-read- terrorists-next-door-and-danger-close-mindano18 See agenda 12, p. 1236. 19 Ibid, p. 1238.20 Ibid.21 See agenda 2, p. 52.22 According to Professor R. Gunaratna “Governments charge body accepted databases, barter cadre (and) conduct collective training and operations to accomplish the Asia-Pacific arena adverse to ISIS and acrimonious to ISIS supporters.” As quoted in Sim, Melissa. “’Cooperation is key for Asean to activity terror’ say experts.” The Straits Times. June 29, 2015. http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se- asia/cooperation-is-key-for-asean-to-fight-terror-say- experts23 See agenda 13.24 Almuttaqi, Ibrahim. “Countering ISIS in Southeast Asia: ASEAN’s Efforts at the Bounded Level.” Habibie Center, ASEAN Studies Program. February 18, 2016. [presentation slides] https://www.google.com.sg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc= s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0ahUK EwionozViaTVAhVGl5QKHWPhAKEQFggkMAA&url =http://admin.thcasean.org/assets% 2Fuploads/file/2016/02/A._Ibrahim_ Almuttaqi_Presentation_-_THC_- _31st_TA.pdf&usg=AFQjCNFs_YQsuc8T2ZYBE- QHzpBDDoYRVQ25 See agenda 12, p.1236.26 See agenda 12, p. 1238.27 See the adept adventure amid Singapore and Indonesia afterwards Lee Kuan Yew (former PM) accused Indonesia of actuality bendable on terrorists. See: “Lee Kuan Yew Interview Transcript.” CNN. February 12, 2002. http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/02/12/ta lkasia.lee.script/ ; and ”Jakarta: Singapore is too Authoritarian to Understand Us; Indonesia’s Adopted Minister Gets in Jab at the Republic, Saying that in a Democratic System, Agitation charge be Dealt with Differently.” The Straits Times. February 25, 2002.28 For the case of the Philippines, see Mangosing, Frances. “Marawi crisis was a assignment for us – Lorenzana.” Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 25, 2017. http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/917448/marawi-crisis- was-a-lesson-for-us-lorenzana; and Ylagan, Lea. “DND admits actuality unappreciative of intel letters on Maute-ISIS attacks in Mindanao.” UNTV. July 27, 2017. https://www.untvweb.com/news/dnd-admits- being-unappreciative-of-intel-reports-on-maute-isis- attacks-in-mindanao/29 See agenda 13, p.119.30 Greer, Adam, and Watson, Zachary. “Countering radicalisation, extremism, and agitation in Southeast Asia.” Quilliam Foundation. August 10, 2016. https://www.quilliaminternational.com/countering- radicalisation-extremism-and-terrorism-in-southeast- asia/31 “ASEAN defence ministers assurance collective acknowledgment on active terrorism.” Channel NewsAsia. May 25, 2016. [author unknown] http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/as ean-defence-ministers-sign-joint-declaration-on- combating-terr-803988632 Chen Zixian. “Greater ASEAN-US cooperation in counter-terrorism, amphibian aegis & adversity relief.” CyberPioneer, Singaporean Ministry of Defence. October 2, 2016. https://www.mindef.gov.sg/imindef/resourcelibrary/cy berpioneer/topics/articles/news/2016/oct/02oct16_ne ws.html33 See agenda 12, p. 1236. 34 See agenda 13, p. 147.35 See for instance Jasmine Jahwar. Terrorists’ use of the Internet: The case of Daesh. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: The Southeast Asia Bounded Centre for Counter-Terrorism (SEARCCT), Ministry of Adopted Affairs. (2016).36 See agenda 2, para 190-191.37 See agenda 30.38 See Religious Rehabilitation Accumulation (RRG). “About RRG.” [date unknown]. https://www.rrg.sg/about-rrg/ 39 Bernama. “Malaysia’s Counter-Messaging Centre active terrorism, abolitionist activities, says DPM.” New Straits Times. November 8, 2016. https://www.nst.com.my/news/2016/11/186976/mala ysias-counter-messaging-centre-combating- terrorism-radical-activities-says40 ASEAN defines analytical basement as the “primary concrete structures, abstruse accessories and systems which are socially, economically or operationally capital to the activity of a association or community, both in accepted affairs and in the acute affairs of an emergency.” See Amul, Gianna Gayle. “ASEAN’s Analytical Basement and Pandemic Preparedness.” RSiS Centre for Non- Traditional Aegis (NTS) blog. January 22, 2013. https://ntsblog.wordpress.com/2013/01/22/aseans- critical-infrastructure-and-pandemic-preparedness/41 Analytical Basement Aegis & Animation Asia. [no title]. [date unknown] http://cip-asia.com/42 Hafidz, Tatik S. “A Continued Row to Hoe: A Analytical Assessment of ASEAN Cooperation on Counter- Terrorism.” Kyoto Analysis of Southeast Asia, Vol.11 (December 2009). https://kyotoreview.org/issue- 11/a-long-row-to-hoe-a-critical-assessment-of- asean-cooperation-on-counter-terrorism/43 United Nations Aegis Council Counter-terrorism Committee (CTC) Executive Directorate. “Physical Aegis of Analytical Basement Adjoin Agitator Attacks.” CTED Trends Report. (2016):12.44 Zahri Yunos. “Cybersecurity Initiatives in Securing ASEAN Cyberspace.” CyberSecurity Malaysia. May 11, 2016. [presentation slides] http://www.connect2sea.eu/news-and- events/news/details/Towards-new-avenues-in-EU- ASEAN-ICT-collaboration-Highlights-and- presentations.html?file=files/connect2sea/files/Works hops/Final conference/Session 3/11 - CyberSecurity Initiatives - Dr Zahri Yunos.pdf45Tobias Feakin. “Building analytical basement animation in the Asia-Pacific.” Australian Strategic Activity Institute (ASPI), The Strategist. August 5, 2015. https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/building- critical-infrastructure-resilience-in-the-asia- pacific/46 See Catastrophe and Accident Administration in ASEAN (CARMA). “About us.” [date unknown] http://www.carma-asean.com/index.php47 See agenda 45.48 Caitríona H. Heinl. “Regional Cybersecurity: Moving Toward a Resilient ASEAN Cybersecurity Region.” Asia Policy. Vol. 18 (July 2014).49 Stacia Lee. “ASEAN Cybersecurity Profile: Finding a Path to a Resilient Regime.” The Henry M. Jackson School of All-embracing Studies, University of Washington. April 4, 2016. https://jsis.washington.edu/news/asean- cybersecurity-profile-finding-path-resilient-regime/50 Fire Eye Labs/Fire Eye Blackmail Intelligence.Special Report: APT30 and the mechanics of a long- active cyber espionage operation. April 2015:19. https://www2.fireeye.com/rs/fireye/images/rpt- apt30.pdf51 Ibid.52 See agenda 44.53 Boland, Bryce. “APT30 and Lessons for ASEAN.” Fire Eye. April 12, 2015. https://www.fireeye.com/blog/executive- perspective/2015/04/apt30_and_lessonsfo.htmlcollaboration to advance to an access in multilateral counter-terrorism activities beneath the ambit of ASEAN.Marguerite Borelli is a alum apprentice in All-embracing Relations at Sciences Po Doctoral School in Paris, France. She has afresh completed a analysis internship at the All-embracing Centre for Political Violence and Agitation Analysis (ICPVTR), a basic assemblage of the S. Rajaratnam School of All-embracing Studies (RSiS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, and can be contacted at [email protected]
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