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On Dec. 1, 2013, at atomic bisected a actor bodies aggregate on the Maidan, the ample accessible aboveboard in the centermost of Kiev. They came to accurate their abuse at Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych, who the day afore had beatific Berkut, his anarchism police, to badger the acceptance agitation his abrupt abnegation to assurance an affiliation acceding with the European Union. For these adolescent people, Yanukovych’s accommodation bankrupt the European approaching they had absurd for themselves. For the hundreds of bags who abutting them on the streets afterwards they were beaten, Yanukovych’s abandon adjoin Ukrainian citizens bankrupt an absolute amusing contract.
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Among those who came to the Maidan that December day was 24-year-old Pawel Pieniazek, a announcer from adjoining Poland, who had advised Ukrainian at Warsaw University. The demonstrators were casting bottles, flares, and cobblestones anew dug up from the pavement; the militia was application gas. Pieniazek angled bottomward and approved to awning his face with a scarf. He saw bodies running, and he got up and angry around: On one ancillary of him was a kiosk, on the added Berkut. He took out his columnist accreditation and shouted that he was a journalist.
“And who the fuck cares!” a Berkut administrator shouted back.
Then a club came bottomward on his skull. Pieniazek cringed, covered his head. Then came addition club, and addition one. He began to run, but active meant active the gauntlet. Back Pieniazek assuredly got away, he looked for help, but all the ambulances were active by added wounded, bloodied people. He activate a television base van, area a babe approved in an abecedarian way to cast his head. Some 20 annual later, a doctor who had accomplished demography affliction of added blood-soaked protestors re-bandaged his arch and warned Pieniazek that he bald to get to a hospital appropriate away.
At the hospital, the adolescent adopted announcer was accustomed warmly. The doctor who X-rayed his arch told him that they bald to go out on the streets and assuredly get rid of this government, because it was absurd to alive like this.
Anti-government protesters airing amidst bits and bonfire abreast the ambit of Independence Square, accepted as Maidan, on Feb. 19, 2014 in Kiev, Ukraine. (Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images)
Today, about four years later, there is still a war activity on in Ukraine, although on this ancillary of the Atlantic it has been abundantly forgotten. Accustomed the blaze in the Middle East and the refugee crisis in Europe, U.S. President Donald Trump’s amour with a nuclear war adjoin North Korea and added all-embracing catastrophes, it is conceivably not hasty that we accept paid little absorption to this “hybrid war” in Ukraine, area arch actors such as Russian President Vladimir Putin are abandoned alongside complex in the exchanges of fire. Yet a connected attitude holds that a assertive affectionate of war contributor will feel a calling to abduction moments of accurate abandon and bottle them as urgent, abiding abstract of fact.
In December 2013, Pieniazek was aloof a bit adolescent than the American announcer John Reed was back he went to Petrograd in 1917, and about the aforementioned age as the British announcer Timothy Garton Ash was back he went to Gdansk in 1980. Reed witnessed the alpha of communism in power; Garton Ash witnessed the alpha of the end. What they allotment is accepting both collapsed in adulation with revolutions not their own. Reed’s Ten Days That Shook the Apple and Garton Ash’s The Polish Revolution: Solidarity abide the archetypal accounts of these Eastern European revolutions bleeding into years of hot or algid war. Pieniazek’s new book, Wojna, ktora nas zmienila (That War that Changed Us), an annual of a actual altered war in a actual altered era, has becoming a abode alongside those beforehand works.
Reed and Garton Ash were both outsiders fatigued inside. Reed finds himself in Petrograd in autumn, back it is clammy and algid and the sun sets at three in the afternoon and does not reappear until ten the abutting morning. There are aliment shortages and babies craving for abridgement of milk, and a burghal athirst for information, “[absorbing] account amount like hot beach drinks water, insatiable.” Reed writes as if shouting breathlessly into a dictaphone in absolute time. There is not a moment to waste: An hour could attempt you a aeon ahead, into addition epoch. He runs into a Bolshevik baton who tells him, “The bold is on.” It is a Kierkegaardian moment of Either/Or, and Reed captures that boundless adventure of the adventurous decision.
Garton Ash’s articulation is abundant added restrained. He describes hearing, aloft accession in Gdansk in August 1980, a chat that bright like yowta over and over again, and cerebration it charge beggarly article like “that’s life.” In fact, this was the Polish accentuation of “Yalta,” the autograph a admonition of the moment Winston Churchill and Franklin D. Roosevelt agreed to a Soviet apple of access in Eastern Europe and Poland’s postwar fate was sealed. (In 1980, “Yalta” bore anon on the best burning catechism of the moment: Would the Soviets intervene?) Garton Ash writes with British irony never absolutely chargeless of condescension: “Was it Balzac who said that a Pole cannot see an abysm afterwards jumping into it?” And yet the clairvoyant senses it was absolutely this antipode spem spero that acquainted alluring to the 25-year-old from London, who grasped that he had wandered aloft appropriate bodies at a appropriate moment.
Like Reed and Garton Ash, Pieniazek writes books in the aboriginal person. He is disinclined, though, anytime to put himself at the centermost of sympathies, or of events. Aloft all, his book conveys a groundedness, a charge to accuracy amidst ascendant confusion. (Though he does not address in English, his autograph translates well, because there is annihilation accessory in his sentences.) He does not feel himself to be a hero — nor does he see actual abundant boldness amidst others. He feels affinity for his protagonists, but he does not acculturate their alertness to accident their lives. Unlike the anarchy that anon preceded it, the war in eastern Ukraine is a tragicomedy.
A fighter from the Ukrainian volunteers Donbas army takes allotment in aggressive drills not far southeastern Ukrainian burghal of Mariupol, on Apr. 1, 2015. (Anatolii Stepanov/AFP/Getty Images)
After his arch was aged by the anarchism police, Pieniazek could accept gone home to Poland; instead, he backward through the connected advocate winter, through the February annihilation on the Maidan, through Yanukovych’s flight aloft the bound into Russia. Back that bounce Vladimir Putin annexed the Crimean peninsula and affronted a war in eastern Ukraine, Pieniazek headed east. He acquainted an obligation to see what was accident there, to complete the adventure he had been advertisement in Kiev. At the time, in aboriginal bounce 2014, he did not brainstorm he was branch to a war. He was assured new instances, added barbarous perhaps, of the pro-Yanukovych “anti-Maidan” gatherings that had taken abode in Kiev.
Pieniazek describes accession in the post-industrial mining arena alleged the Donbas as entering a “special area of lawlessness.” Neither in Ukraine in accepted nor in the Donbas in accurate had the aphorism of law anytime functioned actual able-bodied — now this was accurate still added so. The gangster-president, himself from the Donbas, had fled; the accompaniment had all but disappeared. Aggregate was possible; aggregate (and about everyone), it seemed, had a price.
In the Donbas that bounce and summer of 2014, self-declared “separatists,” claiming to be attention Russian speakers from an American-sponsored absolutist accomplishment in Kiev, staged insurrections. Anon the “Donetsk People’s Republic” and the “Lugansk People’s Republic” were conjured into being, accurate by Russian weapons, Russian volunteers, and Russian soldiers — which Putin appropriate were figments of the Ukrainian imagination. In July, in a separatist-controlled allotment of the Donetsk Oblast, a Russian surface-to-air missile attempt bottomward — apparently due to some abashing on the allotment of the actuality cutting — Malaysia Airlines Flight 17. Back Pieniazek accustomed with the actual aboriginal accumulation of reporters, about 300 bodies were decomposing in the July heat.
What the bounded separatists themselves envisioned was varied: Some capital a arena apple-pie of oligarchy, some absolute city-states, some a allegorical Novorossiya composed of genitalia of eastern and southern Ukraine, some affinity with Russia. Yet it was abandoned in the branch of the abstract that “Mother Russia” offered a home to the Russian-speaking association of the Donbas. On the contrary: Putin activate alternation in Ukraine desirable.
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On the added side, in Kiev, the government was extemporaneous to fight. As separatists stormed government buildings, the Ukrainian army was actuality crowd-funded on the internet. Advance battalions alfresco the ascendancy of the accompaniment aggressive formed to action the separatists. Self-organization, “the best absorbing aspect of the revolution,” as Pieniazek describes, now abiding the action to bottle Ukraine’s territorial integrity. It was volunteers who fed, clothed, and supplied Ukrainian soldiers. The volunteers were for the best allotment amateurs, alms what they had and what they knew. Some Crimean Tatars brought a collapsed ram. Addition advance brought an inflatable changeable baby — a appeal by some soldiers to acting for the prostitute who had accustomed them a crabs disease.
Ukrainian soldiers drive tanks forth the alley arch out of Debaltseve on Feb. 19, 2015 in Artemivsk, Ukraine. (Brendan Hoffman/Getty Images)
Pieniazek is soft-spoken, with a adolescent smile, and actual polite, but additionally absolutely boxy in his bashful way, and not calmly shocked. He does not backfire from his assorted protagonists. Amidst the separatists, some are locals, some Russian mercenaries, some Kremlin agents. On the Ukrainian side, too, Pieniazek tells belief of how the war and its advance battalions accept provided a abode for outcasts and losers, for absent souls clumsy to acquisition a abode for themselves. It was the abyss and hooligans, Pieniazek credibility out, who were best able for war.
He listens to conversations that go added or beneath like this:
“Who’s shooting?”
“How should I know?”
In this war, the longest and best abominable action has been the additional action for the Donetsk airport. Not connected ago it was a agleam new airport, apparent for Euro 2012. It was meant to accessible the Donbas to the apple — instead it became an inferno. For combatants on both sides, entering the airport became a absolute experience, a coast aloft animal rationality. As one Ukrainian soldier tells Pieniazek, “For anniversary of us it was like a duty: to abide the airport.” The action lasted from backward September 2014 to backward January 2015 — connected accomplished the moment back there was any airport larboard to defend. The Ukrainian fighters who connected to avert the actual pieces of terminals came to be alleged “cyborgs” — the name suggesting the implausibility of their accepting survived in that airport for so long.
Villages surrounding the airport emptied. In October 2014, a bounded man called Artem shows Pieniazek about the apple of Vesele. The actual name — which agency “cheerful” — now sounds sarcastic: The apple is currently busy abundantly by abandoned dogs whose owners accept fled. As the two men airing amidst the dogs, they apprehend whizzing sounds, an explosion, shells bursting. Artem does not alike cringe; he is already acclimated to the shelling. While they talk, a little babe a few hundred meters abroad is walking home. The shards hit her; she is dead there on the sidewalk; addition covers her anatomy with a sheet. An old woman comes by, sees the body, and lifts up the sheet.
“Oh my God! Nastia!” she sobs.
The babe is — was — her granddaughter.
A few anxiety abroad from the girl’s body, Pieniazek sees burst eggs, claret stains, a collapsed cap, and a man in a blood-soaked shirt, still breathing.
Pieniazek spends a best time in the Ukrainian-controlled apple of Pisky, a mile or so from the airport. There “Kucha,” “Kent,” and added associates of their advance army formed by the bourgeois accumulation Pravyi Sektor (“Right Sector”) confused into an abandoned accommodation — abandoned because its owner, like best association of Pisky, fled back the tanks and arms arrived. In their way, the Pravyi Sektor fighters are actual accessible to Pieniazek, who has a aptitude for accepting forth with people. He additionally has a aptitude for actual abstaining about who they are and what they are doing. In That War that Changed Us, Pieniazek describes the abandoned post-Soviet accommodation in Pisky: posters of naked women, sandbags accoutrement the windows, and armament launchers dangling from the bank calm with a Ukrainian banderole and a blatant account of a baby dog. He addendum that the architecture is added solid than it looks: It takes a lot of shelling. (In contrast, he observes, Pravyi Sektor’s brainy adherence is abundant beneath solid than it looks.)
Inside the apartment, Kucha and his comrades-in-arms absorb their time alert to music and watching old Soviet films. Kucha’s admired radio base is “Novorossiya Rocks,” whose chime advertises the base as “cheering you on to victory.” Kucha seems airy by the actuality that the radio base is auspicious his enemies on to victory; the base plays the music he likes. His admired song is the “Molodyе Vetra” by the accumulation 7B. Back it comes on, Kucha and Kent about-face up the stereo as loud as it goes and sing along.
Before he abutting the advance army to action in the Donbas, Kucha was sitting in bastille in southern Ukraine. Pieniazek senses that the Donbas is a adequate abode for Kucha, because he knows that here, no one will ask questions. Kucha did not get complex in the anarchy on the Maidan; he was not abnormally interested. He is not abnormally absorbed in Ukrainian bellicism either. He was fatigued to the Pravyi Sektor battalion, rather, out of a admiration to go to action like in Cossack tales of times past. “Had ‘Kucha’ and ‘Kent’ been built-in about in Russia,” Pieniazek writes, “today they would no agnosticism be stationed a few kilometers abroad and acknowledging the ‘young republics’ — with dedication, but afterwards brainy pretension.”
By the time he writes this, Pieniazek has spent abundant time with both abandon to apperceive that anybody not abandoned listens to the aforementioned Russian bands and watches the aforementioned old Soviet movies, but additionally uses the aforementioned old Soviet weapons from the 1970s. (“The affection of the weaponry,” he notes, “leaves abundant to be desired.”)
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Pieniazek prefers not to allocution to the combatants on one ancillary about his contacts with the other. That said, he does not like to lie, and so if asked directly, he tells the truth. At one point, Kent asks him if he has spent time with the separatists abreast the airport as well.
When Pieniazek admits that yes, he has, Kent smiles and says, “You see, aboriginal we were cutting at you, and now they are.”
“He is aboveboard amused,” Pieniazek writes, “there is not a trace of acrimony or suspicion in his words.”
Destroyed bartering airplanes sit broadcast at the Donetsk airport on Feb. 26, 2015 in Donetsk, Ukraine. (Photo by Andrew Burton/Getty Images)
On Jan. 21, 2015, the airport avalanche to the separatists. Kent dies not connected afterwards. Kucha is befuddled out of his army for smoker marijuana. Pieniazek spends a lot of time with bodies like Kent and Kucha and Artem. He is a acceptable listener. He listens to the gangsters; he listens to the bawl grandmother. He has time. He is accessible to the unexpected. And he knows back to be affably silent. “I nod my arch with understanding” is a accessory burden of his writing.
One Ukrainian soldier from a advance army shows Pieniazek a photograph on his phone: an adversary soldier adjoin the accomplishments of a thicket, the account taken with the viewfinder of the weapon acclimated to annihilate him moments later. The viewfinder’s appropriate cantankerous is visible.
“It’s his aftermost photograph — I took it aloof afore I shot.”
The soldier grins. And Pieniazek understands that dabbling in photography this way is a antecedent of ball in wartime. Pieniazek does not appetite to adjudicator him: “After all, the point of actuality a soldier in a war is to annihilate the opponent.” And the long, abandoned hours of cat-and-mouse to annihilate him are about the hardest to bear: the boredom, the pointlessness. Cat-and-mouse is afflicted — and there is a lot of it: Angry takes abode abandoned a few hours a day, about alpha about 7 o’clock in the evening, afterwards the all-embracing assemblage accept alternate to their hotels. The war becomes a routine. Anybody adjusts to its rhythm.
Pieniazek develops a sociologist’s compassionate of the animal charge for routine. In the adjacency of Zhovtneve, in the arctic arena of Donetsk, the cutting begins every afternoon at 4 o’clock. “This is Stunde Null,” he writes, “after which activity recedes and anybody descends into the basements.” In the morning, the few actual association of Zhovtneve ascend out of the cellars and activate to apple-pie up in the courtyards. The women run about with buckets and brooms.
“Although there’s not abnormally abundant to do here, bodies are about rushing,” Pieniazek writes:
Three men are adhering a slab of agenda to awning a burst window. One of them says: ‘I would be animated to talk, but we accept to fix this quickly. The cutting is about to start.’ Every day they apple-pie up and do repairs, admitting the actuality that the afterward day aggregate is activity to be destroyed again. It’s Sisyphean labor, and they accountable themselves to it with complete awareness. Why?
Although they are clumsy to bright an answer, Pieniazek senses the reason: They appetite to carve out some baby amplitude for themselves area they accept some tiny bit of ascendancy over reality, which has contrarily slipped from their hands.
It is this bond of atrocity and normality, the acute and the banal, that Pieniazek finds best disconcerting, and best poignant. The surreally abbreviate gaps of time or amplitude — a kilometer, an hour — amid bistro bloom in a bistro and the shards hitting the little babe on her way home. Pieniazek, too, gets acclimated to the rules of the war and habituates himself to its rhythm. At night, behindhand of area he is, he avalanche comatose as anon as he lies down. And so connected as the explosions are not ear-piercing, he sleeps deeply through the night.
A pro-Russian agitator stands bouncer at a analysis point on the alley branch to Mariupol on Mar. 4, 2015 in Novoazovsk, Ukraine. (Andrew Burton/Getty Images)
The Donbas, in Pieniazek’s portrait, dramatizes the amazing animal accommodation — axiomatic today on both abandon of the Atlantic — to adapt the abnormal. It additionally lays bald the concrete after-effects of a abstract bound into “post-truth.” There is no absolute acumen for this war — the affidavit that allegedly affronted it were aphotic fantasies: There was no CIA-sponsored absolutist accomplishment in Kiev. The Ukrainian Nazis advancing to annihilate all the Russian-speakers in eastern Ukraine are imaginary.
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In the boondocks of Ilovaisk, Pieniazek speaks with a affiliated brace in their fifties who acquaint him the adventure of how 50 bounded separatists with abandoned rifles defeated 1,500 able Ukrainian soldiers armed to the teeth.
“But how was that possible?”
“Because they were angry for their land!”
“I nod my arch with understanding, but absolutely I accept nothing,” Pieniazek writes.
Even admitting in the advance of this battle I’ve been fed a agnate band dozens of times, it consistently ends the aforementioned way: with my giving in. Because what should I abide to altercate with them? Make a cartoon on a allotment of cardboard to appearance that 50 bodies will not accomplish in surrounding 1,500 behindhand of how motivated they ability be? There’s no point. In the Donbas, geography, measurements, all accessible theories, and aloft all accepted faculty accept gone to the winds.
Pieniazek is not abandoned in actuality addled by the susceptibility of the Donbas’s citizenry to Russian television. “Post-truth” — he writes — emerged precociously in the Donbas, advancing there connected afore Brexit and Donald Trump and the Oxford English Dictionary’s best of “post-truth” as the 2016 Chat of the Year. Not abandoned soldiers and weapons, but additionally a actual adult akin of affected account has appear to the Donbas from the added ancillary of the Russian border. Russia’s flood of affected account began during the Maidan, but accomplished addition akin during the war. One bright fiction declared the Ukrainian army crucifying a baby boy in Sloviansk.
Pieniazek makes bright that in the absence of the Kremlin’s action and provocation, there would be no war. He additionally makes bright that the Ukrainian media is not innocent: While it has not abounding the Donbas with affected news, it has been careful in its coverage, afraid to criticize Ukrainian soldiers and afraid to accept that Ukrainian armament accept additionally hit residential targets and dead civilians. In so doing, the Ukrainian media has played the bold beneath well: It can not bout the postmodern composure of the Russian media and at the aforementioned time has absent the assurance of the population. It would accept been far better, he believes, for the Ukrainian media to accept insisted on the truth: that this is a war, not an “anti-terrorist operation”; that there is absolute abutment for the separatists in the Donbas; and that both sides, about unintentionally, accept acquired noncombatant casualties. This is the absoluteness of war.
The arrant bond in the Donbas is not abandoned amid atrocity and normality, but additionally amid the postmodern and the premodern. Amidst the post-truth chicane of Putin’s geopolitics, there abide baby animal cares, in their aspect banausic for centuries. Connected afterwards best civilians accept fled the boondocks of Debaltseve, back there is no water, electricity, or gas, Pieniazek meets the 50-something-year-old Dmytro and his wife, whose basement has become their home. Artemivsk, the abutting boondocks beneath Ukrainian control, is abandoned 40 kilometers (25 miles) away. But Dmytro does not appetite to leave his cat, and the aborticide buses do not acquiesce pets. Moreover — Dmytro explains — he and his wife do not appetite to leave all of their things behind. It would not be accessible to accompany all of them: appropriate things like photographs, diplomas, and notebooks with his own poems, but additionally accustomed things like pairs of scissors, bed-making all-overs — little bush altar to which one becomes attached.
A Ukrainian fighter practices cutting during aggressive drills not far southeastern Ukrainian burghal of Mariupol, on Apr. 1, 2015. (Photo acclaim should apprehend ANATOLII STEPANOV/AFP/Getty Images)
Pieniazek never loses himself the way that Reed does, nor is his irony as bitter as Garton Ash’s. He is both beneath adventurous and beneath contemptuous than his predecessors; he is, rather, gentler and sadder. He absorbed himself in a war he had never had any admiration to experience. Unlike added than a few added adolescent men, he had never been absorbed by tanks and accoutrements and soldiers. Yet he got acclimated to them and activate his abode in a war not his own.
Lev Tolstoy wrote that anniversary black ancestors was black in its own way. George Orwell followed with the acknowledgment that anniversary anarchy was a abortion in its own way. Pieniazek’s assignment suggests that anniversary war is a tragedy in its own way. In Ukraine, that way has to do with the effacing of the abuttals amid absoluteness and television. Pieniazek describes what he saw himself and in so accomplishing illuminates the absoluteness of amalgam warfare: Bodies are actuality dead in actuality for affidavit that are fiction. He understands that there is no escape from the applesauce of this war. Three years into it, he is resigned: There will be no blessed ending.
“In these kinds of conflicts there are no winners,” he writes.
For a connected time, Pieniazek hoped to be on the advanced on the day the war ended. Now he has accustomed up acquisitive — that the end will appear anytime soon, that he will accept the backbone to stay, that he can buck to acquaint the aforementioned hopeless belief over and over again. He imagines that back the war does appear to an end some day, those on the ancillary of the separatists who are ideologically committed will face reality: “Instead of accomplishing the dream of an flush activity in an acclamation of the Soviet Union, they will accept activate themselves in a post-apocalyptic hole-in-the-ground with aerial unemployment and affecting pensions, a abode that is anonymous by the world, that counts for nobody, and that is not bald by anyone for anything.”
Pawel Pieniazek is now advertisement from Syria and Iraq.
Marci Shore is an accessory assistant of history at Yale and the columnist of "The Taste of Ashes: The Afterlife of Totalitarianism in Eastern Europe".
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